TED 2009 Friday: Talking Bacteria

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40-year-old Ray Zahab talked about his recent record-breaking 33-day expedition to the South Pole. Along the way he stayed online and in touch with kids around the world along the way. His previous adventure was running 110 miles through the Sahara Desert. The punchline is that 5 years ago he was sedentary, smoking a pack a day.

Score: 6 (out of 10) Balloons


Golan Levin generates art from images and voices. Foofy.

Score: 3 Balloons


Nina Jablonski delivered a good talk on the evolution of skin pigmentations. It's clear why pigmented skin protects equatorial populations, but I hadn't known why Eurasians evolved lighter skins during the three hominid migrations out of Africa (once Neanderthal, twice homo sapiens). Apparently less pigmented skin is better able to generate Vitamin D when needed, which preserves bone integrity and protects us from the kinds of radiation that penetrates at higher latitudes. So not only is it unhealthful for light skinned people to live in tropical climates, but there are also risks for dark skinned people who live far from the equator.

Score: 7 Balloons


Arthur Benjamin is a math professor who performs mathemagics on the side. (Below is a prior demonstration at TED.) Instead of performing mental tricks this year, Art delivered an intriguing message about math education in the US:

Instead of building up to calculus as the epitome of math education, we should instead sequence our lessons so that every high school graduate understands statistics and probability. Calculus is nice for scientists to know, but statistics inform most complex decisions that people have to make both at work and at home. Undoubtedly, Benjamin is right that most people don't understand simple concepts like expected value, which perhaps explains the success of lotteries and casinos.

Score: 8 Balloons


Hans Rosling came back to TED with his compelling data visualization techniques, using them to illustrate drivers of the AIDS epidemic in Africa. (Instead of a laser pointer he used a chair and pole.)

Score: 8 Balloons


Margeret Wertheim is a writer of science history who, together with her sister, crocheted a coral reef. The reef became a surprise hit on the museum circuit, as 30 to 40 volunteer crocheters attracted through the web added to the now extensive reef. Many TEDsters seemed to think this was all cool for the sole reason that coral reefs are so important and yet endangered. Frankly I thought the whole thing was a silly waste of time until Margeret explained the relationship between coral reefs and crochet...

In 1997 Dr. Daina Tamina at Cornell discovered that thanks to its undulating curved surfaces, crochet is the only straight-forward way to model hyperbolic structures. Hyperbolic surfaces exhibit non-Euclidean and even non-Lobochevskian geometries. Unlike Euclidean flat surfaces and Lobachevskian globes, on a hyperbolic surface there are infinity lines to be drawn through any given point that are parallel to an external line. You can see this on a crocheted fabric, where multiple contour lines can run through a single point.

Score: 9 Balloons


Jennifer Mather gave a talk on octopus intelligence. She set forth parameters of intelligence and documented anecdotal evidence of octopus intelligence, such as "playing" with a floating object. Unfortunately she did so with no scientific rigor, explaining that somehow the experimental method doesn't work in this context. Once she convinced herself that octopi have personalities, she posed the profound question:

"Will they crawl out of the ocean and compete with us? No, that's physiologically impossible."

Oy, who has time for this?


Score: 1 Balloon


Nalini Nadkarni loves and studies the forest canopy. She talked about epiphytes and other organisms that have adapted to this ecosystem. To staff one of her research projects involving the categorization of different mosses, she recruited prisoners, who have the time, the room, and the interest to study mosses (fortunately they didn't need any sharp tools to do the work). Now she's using them to raise the endangered Oregon Spotted Frog, "in captivity" of course. To promote the field, Nalini's team collected hundreds of old Barbie dolls and converted them into Treetop Barbie, to get girls excited about the field. Lots of TED points here for inter-disciplinary collaboration.

Score: 7 Balloons


Friday's highlight was certainly Bonnie Brassler from Princeton. She and her grad students have discovered that bacteria communicate extensively, and she explained how and why they do it. She began her talk by pointing out that 90% of the cells in a human being -- and 99% of the genes -- are bacterial, so we ought to pay attention to the critters.

Four years ago Hawaiian researchers discovered a squid in shallow waters that uses luminescent bacteria to counteract its shadow in order to hide itself from predators. It has two lobes full of luminescent bacteria that glow only at night when it's awake and hunting, and just enough of the lobes are exposed downward to offset the right amount of moonlight and starlight of the particular evening. What an amazing adaptation.

But a curious property of the squid caught Bassler's attention. The squid can essentially turn the light on and off (no dimming), so the lobes glow only at night. What makes the bacteria all start and stop glowing at once?

Bassler's team discovered a mechanism in the bacteria -- and subsequently in all bacteria -- that allows them to communicate. Specifically, each bacteria emits a stream of enzymes for which it also has a receptor. The receptor acts like a switch in the bacteria, so that when the enzyme reaches a certain density in the solution around the bacteria, something inside the bacteria responds, perhaps by starting to glow. Therefore the bacteria doesn't start to glow until there is a sufficient concentration of bacteria around it. And when it starts to glow, it also accelerates its enzyme emission so that all the bacteria in the colony get the signal at roughly the same time. The squid flushes 95% of the bacteria each morning, which turns off the light, and during the day the colony grows until it reaches critical mass at night.

This mechanism explains how bacterial infections are able to overcome our immune defenses. They enter our bodies in a slow-growing relatively harmless state, and only after amassing a sizable cluster of agents do they suddenly, simultaneously attack.

Bassler also discovered an inter-species communication systems, so that bacteria know when there are other bacteria around outside their species. Essentially there is a universal enzyme that they all emit and receive, so that they can behave differently depending upon the presence of other strains.

With this awareness of bacterial communication networks, Bassler's team is pursuing a novel approach to fighting infection. Instead of trying to kill the cells one at a time, which often leads to resistance, we can develop molecules that bind to the communication enzyme, immediately shutting down the attack. It's like turning off the light in the squid.

Beautiful!

Score: 10 Balloons

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TED 2009 Thursday: Hallucincation and Illusion

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I awoke early on Thursday to ensure I wouldn't miss the first speaker, Dr. Oliver Sacks. Sacks wrote the great study of neural disorders, The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat, as well as Awakenings (adapted to film with Robin Williams). Recently he wrote Musicophilia, documenting music-related brain disorders that yield a glimpse of how the brain understands and creates music. At TED he talked about the visual hallucinations that plagued many of his older patients. Sacks described the hallucinations in detail, and explained his diagnosis of Charles Bonnie Syndrome, named for the scientist who first observed the incidence of hallucinations in his own grandfather as well as about 10% of people with any kind of sensory impairment (even partial). Part of Sacks' charm is that he respects his patients enough to understand the details of their hallucinations (they tend to be repetitive and often feature staircases and deformed faces), assuring them that despite a tangible neural condition, theyr'e not demented. Sacks lamented that only 10% of people who suffer this syndrome tell anyone for fear of derision.

Sacks ended by disclosing that he himself is partially blind in one eye, and that he himself experiences a mild form of these hallucinations (geometric shapes). Like Jill Bolte Taylor's "stroke of luck", Sacks now has a subject he can study at all times.


Score: 9 (out of 10) Balloons


The other highlight from Thursday was Ed Ulbrich from Digital Domain who has won more than one Oscar for his digital effects. Ulbrich walked us through the story behind The Curious Case of Benjamin Button movie, and how his team achieved what everyone had thought was impossible: for the first hour of that film, Benjamin Button is represented by a digitized head imposed upon a different (much shorter) human actor. The head must appear genuinely old, and still capture all the facial gestures, nuances, and actins (cry, sweat, vomit...) performed by the actor Brad Pitt.

When Ulbrich took on the job he had no idea how they would tackle this challenge, but he and his team applied a "stew of solutions" that utterly pulled off the illusion on time and on budget:

1) Animators have conventionally applied radio receptors to the face to track the movement of facial muscles. This generates about a hundred polygons that can be rendered to simulate human expressions. But to render the resolution of a human face without any hint that it is digitized, 100 polygons is not detailed enough. So Ulbrich pioneered the use of a radio-reflective particulate (?), mixing it into Brad Pitt's makeup so that they could track the movement of the entire facial surface, generating 100,000 polygons.

2) With the particulate in place, they recorded the execution of every possible facial gesture one can perform. every twitch of the eyebrow, flare of the nostril, quiver of the lip. On demand, their digital face could now re-produce those gestures.

3) They sculpted and scanned three replicas of Brad Pitt with all the aging that he will show at 60, 70 and 80 years of age. They mapped the surfaces of these scans to the gestures in their database, so now they could render every facial gesture that Brad PItt will present in his senior years.



4) The short actor who played the elderly (er, I mean infantile) Benjamin wore a blue head mask -- sort of a human green screen upon which Digital Brad's face could be inserted.

5) Brad then acted his part, while a computer recorded and identified each and every gesture to render it digitally upon the other actor's head. We watched Brad on one screen acting his part while on the other half of the screen older Digital Brad was duplicating his facial gestures. Obviously Brad Pitt is a very talented actor, whose every expression had to genuinely carry through to his character. They did, and the result was compelling.

I must admit I did see one tiny flaw in the process. Benjamin was saying that due to his condition he might die or might not die while he was still young. In a wonderfully childlike manner, Brad Pitt quickly glanced to the upper left corner of his eye and then forward again -- but it happened so fast that Digital Brad missed it.

This was a great talk that incorporated all three original meanings of TED: Technology, Education and Design.


Score: 10 Balloons


Elizabeth Gilbert is the author of the bestseller Eat. Pray. Love. Her talk was well received, so you may wish to watch it, especially if you liked the book. Indeed, she did make me laugh out loud a few times. But the message
-- how to tap into your muse and unleash your creativity -- was sufficiently foofy that it wasn't one of my favorites.



Score: 6 Balloons

Louise Fresco, an international expert on hunger, walked us through the history and economics of bread-making across centuries and cultures.

Score: 4 Balloons


I normally don't expect to like the design-oriented talks, but Jacek Utko was worth watching. Here's a young guy who got the job as "art director" at a tiny struggling newspaper in Poland, and attacked the job with such passion that he transformed the newspaper into an award-winning, fast-growing regional magazine. He started with a re-design of the layout to provoke the interest of readers, much the way web designers do, and compelled the editors to fit their stories into his format. It's a nice story of an underdog's success.

Score: 8 Balloons


Unfortunately I couldn't make it to the Thursday afternoon sessions.

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TED 2009 Wednesday (cont.): "Reframe"

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TED is just too intense to blog – I can’t keep up. I’ll try to at least keep reporting on the highlights…

But first, some more brushes with celebrity: Paul Simon, Daniel Dennett, Nathan Myhrvold, Meg Ryan.

Wednesday afternoon’s session was titled Reframe. Ben Zander came back to TED to kick off the session, conducting the best rendition ever of Happy Birthday To You. I don’t know if it will make the DVD but if so he’s great to watch -- he always leaves shining eyes.

Tim Berners-Lee thanked the world for uploading documents to his HTML project and asked that we please follow up now by uploading our data. His new vision for the web centers around Linked Data – tables of structured information that can be linked to other tables enabling massive joins. His database in the sky is object-oriented, with a URL identifying each object (person place, etc). Tim led the audience in a chant of “Raw Data Now!” to compel the world (especially the US government) to publish raw data that anyone can access, rather than waiting for completed applications.

Score: 9 (out of 10) Balloons

We heard a funny interlude by Cindy Gallop who complained that hard core pornography is now so easily accessible online that young people have twisted ideas of what most people consider to be normal in bed. So she unveiled her educational site MakeLoveNotPorn.com, debunking myths perpetuated by pornography. Definitely rated R, so I'll leave it at that.

Al Gore delivered a very short talk on climate change -- careful not to rehash old slides. He presented an update on the rate of arctic melting along with other ominous metrics of global warming. The focus of his talk, though, was "clean coal" which Al says is a myth promoted by the coal industry. He played a cartoon commercial developed as part of a shocking campaign to promote clean coal, that Al understandably compared to Joe Camel:

Gore also played the clip of a commercial meant to fight back the coal industry's campaign on clean coal.

Score: 10 Balloons

Tribes author Seth Godin gave a rousing and entertaining talk about leadership, and taking the initiative to activate groups of people around whatever cause that moves you. His basic point is that it’s easy to connect with people on the internet, so lots of micro-communities form.

Having said that let me caution you away from his book Tribes. If you read the paragraph I wrote above, then you get the gist. And if you get the gist, well then you’ve pretty much read the book. At least Seth doesn’t pretend that his conclusions are based on scientific data, so his books are better than Malcolm Gladwell’s.

Score: 6 Balloons

Nandan Nilekani, co-founder of InfoSys spoke well about the changes thrusting India's economy into a major world player. Unfortunately, I misplaced my notes today on this and several other lectures!

I may have also lost my notes on MIT Media Lab Professor Pattie Maes' talk but the highlight was unforgettable: a personal, wearable mobile system (cam, phone, battery-powered projector...) that scans the world around you, and in real time projects helpful video on any surface. For example, when you're looking at products in the store (books, paper towels, whatever), it will project information right onto the product such as a green rating, price comparisons, and consumer reviews. Presumably it could also scan the buildings around to tell me who and what is in them. Presumably, it could also "speak" to me through headphones so I can hear private tips such as the name of a person I run into and his/her spouse and kids!

It was an impressive demonstration. Pattie introduced the student behind it, and he evoked a standing ovation.

Score: 9 Balloons

Next we all danced, led by Matt Harding the guy who dances around the world in his famous YouTube videos. He tried to teach us a Bollywood dance, but he’s not really an expert. Chris compared the exercise to “learning science from George Bush.”


The day closed with a strange performance (and really, I mean that in a bad way) by Regina Spektor.

TED 2009 Wednesday: "Reboot"

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To help prioritize your viewing of TED talks, I offer a TED score of each 18-minute presenter, ranging from one to ten TED Balloons. If I fail to score a presenter, either I missed the session, I quickly gave up on it and checked my email, or didn’t score it because it wasn’t a full-fledged 18-minute TED Talk. The factors I consider: interest, importance, clarity, entertainment, and the speaker’s personal connection to the content. For example, based on these factors I would have given 10 balloons last year to Jill Bolte Taylor (whom I met yesterday in Google Café) and Ben Zander.

The opening session of TED, called “Reboot,” had a strong lineup…

Juan Enriquez was introduced as a man of many diverse accomplishments, ranging from a professorship at Harvard Business School to an experience he had once holding off a crowd of armed rebels (though presumably not at Harvard). He was entertaining – chock full of interesting data, jokes and advice regarding the economic hardships now challenging the world. He warned of “losing the dollar” to the kind of inflation that grips Zimbabwe unless we rein in our dependency on credit to support entitlement programs. He recognized venture-backed companies for generating 17% of our economy’s growth on only .02% of our invested capital. And he pointed to areas of innovation that have the potential to generate disruptive opportunities:

• Biological engineering parts. There are catalogs of these components from which you can engineer biological machines like “cancer fighting beer” fortified with resveratrol.

• Stem cell therapies that have already been used to grow human parts like teeth, windpipes, and portions of the heart; and the potential to generate these stem sells from normal, adult skin cells.

• Robotic implants (e.g. cochlar) that will match and exceed human capability; he shared a great video of Boston Dynamics’ “Big Dog” quadraped robot on legs running around snowy hillsides (though it suspiciously resembled two people under a blanket). In recognition of Darwin’s 200th birthday this month, Enriquez observed that for most of the history of hominids there were multiple species in various stages of evolution, and mused that we may now be on the cusp of Homo Evolutis, a new species of humanity enhanced by synthetic parts that will ultimately eclipse homo sapiens. “What was the point of 13.7 billion years of history – to create what’s in this room here at TED? That’s a mildly arrogant viewpoint.”

Watch the video here.

Score: 8 Balloons.

Enriquez is definitely worth watching (but not a 10 because there was neither a coherent theme to the talk, nor much of a personal connection for the speaker).

Next, Jill Sobule chimed in by video from TED’s Palm Springs venue with her familiar, quirky songs that always put a smile on your face. Worth listening to. Here’s one of her earlier TED songs with a cameo by TED curator Chris Andersen:

The next speaker, PW Singer, presented the robotics revolution in warfare. He shared interesting clips and tidbits on the rapid growth of robotic warfare, like the new drones and OED robots in Iraq that clearly save human lives, and are genuinely missed by their platoons when they fall in battle. Anyone can compete on this new battlefield (even Hezbollah has launched drones against Israel), so while the US is ahead in robotic warfare, Singer warns that our weak primary educational system jeopardizes our future ability to compete against Japan, China and Russia for robotic supremacy.

Singer shared examples of new phenomena that stem from robotic warfare: remote warriors in San Diego and elsewhere who kill during the day go home at night to their families; “war porn” on YouTube fed by on-board cameras; and “oops moments” in which software glitches kill with friendly fire.

Score: 6 Balloons.

If you’re interested in military or robotic developments, watch Singer. But for others, he’s not the most gripping speaker, and he tried to make weighty insights that missed their targets.

Here’s a great commercial TED displayed for sponsor Comcast:



The best music at TED so far was performed by Naturally 7, who surpass even M-pact in their mastery of vocal play. Here’s one of the songs they performed -- if nothing else listen to the one minute starting 40 seconds into the video.

Next Dave Hanson briefly demonstrated his startup’s invention of robots with personality. His Einstein head finds a face, locks in on the eyes, reads the facial expression and mirrors a similar emotion exercising an impressive array of facial movements. Einstein has been on display in the lobby so anyone can talk to him. Interestingly, pretty much everyone I watched decided it was very important to make Einstein laugh and smile, as though he were a little kid. I must have been the only sicko trying to piss him off, as shown on right. (Hello, he’s a machine!)

The session wrapped up with Bill Gates, introduced as "the biggest giver ever." Bill quipped that he hoped he wasn't in the Reboot session because of his affiliation with Windows... But he didn't show much interest in software--he seems quite focused now on philanthropy. He posed two tough problems for humanity that he hopes to address through his foundation:

1. How do you stop the spread of disease (malaria) that is spread by mosquito? Bill mentioned a mish mash of preventive strategies (bed nets and DDT) and therapies (quinine and experimental vaccines), but there's no coherent road map. Of his foundation's $3.8 billion annual budget, he allocates about $100 million to malaria. Still there's more money spent on fighting baldness than malaria because, Bill says, baldness afflicts rich, white men. For drama Bill released mosquitoes into the room, at which point Chris Andersen complained that Bill just can't stop releasing bugs into the world.

2. How do you make teachers great? Here he had more ideas relating to the collection of data that can identify characteristics of success. For one thing, he presented data showing that neither a teacher's experience nor graduate education correllates with student success. Rather, the only important variable is the teacher's past performance. So teachers who somehow develop a successful strategy consistently outperform, graduating students who regularly score 10% higher than average. That's why schools need an entrepeneurial, open culture that invites regular review and scrutiny of teaching methods, identifying best practices and sharing them with everyone. Obviously unionized school resist this (they'd never allow filming of classes, and unions even prevailed upon New York State to disqualify teaching success as a factor in tenure decisions). But one charter school in Texas named KIP has taken this approach with reportedly spectacular results (98% matriculation into 4 year colleges among a very poor student body), and so there is a model.

There was a great moment at the end when Chris Andersen opened his laptop to ask Bill some questions, and the Apple logo shone ever so brightly and prominently. The laptop case faced the audience and so neither of them understood why the audience was laughing.

Score: 8 Balloons

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TED 2009: "The Great Unveiling"

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Here I am once again at TED, the fabulous conference (now 25 years old) that attracts some incredible minds to tackle the big issues facing our species. (The celebrities I've seen so far include Al Gore, Larry Page, Forest Whitaker, Tim Berners-Lee, Oliver Sacks, John Doerr, Ben Affleck and Bill Gates.)

This year I'll try to share some details on the highlights of the conference. I will be more detailed than I was two years ago, but not as comprehensive as I was last year, when I covered just about every speaker (in part because work forces me to miss some of this year's sessions). My objective in blogging it is to give a taste of TED to those who haven't followed the phenomenon, and to give the loyal TED fans somewhat of a road map as to which sessions are worth watching online or on DVD.

Yesterday, as a warm-up for the formal agenda we had our first session of Ted University, in which 20 or so TED attendees have 8 minutes

each to teach something or share a message. Here were the highlights:

• Ray Kurzweil, with characteristic panache, defended his thesis that innovation proceeds at an exponential rate, not just when it comes to semiconductor density but to all aspects of technology, such as computing, labor productivity, and solar energy. To help sustain these curves, he announced that he and Peter Diamandis (X Prize and Zero-G Flight) have launched the Singularity University he started with backing from NASA and Google. The university is supposed to apply these exponential technology curves to solve problems of the world, but I'm not sure I really understand the scope, since I thought that other universities already do that. (Later, sipping java in the Google Cafe, Peter acknowledged to me that the whole thing is still experimental).

• Matt Childs' rules of mountain climbing (delivered with an implication that these rules apply to life in general): Don't let go. Keep moving forward. Plan ahead. Stay in the present. Know how to rest. Fear sucks. Strength doesn't always equal success. Know how to let go (plan your fall).

• Jonathan Drori told the story of his Millenium Seed Bank, which aims to protect the integrity of earth's natural ecosystem by preserving enough seeds to guarantee that we can study plant life and restore extinct species. The bank is located in a remote English facility shielded from nuclear radiation and situated outside flood zones. So far they have collected 3 billion seeds from volunteers around the world, covering 24,000 species, or 10% of Earth's plant life at a cost of $2,800 per species. By 2010 they aim to reach 25% coverage. This was the first of many TED sessions that implicitly pose the question, so what have YOU done lately?

• Kokoe Johnson taught us how to make cheese. Right in front of us he fixed up some lebneh -- dried Greek yogurt cheese. He apparently acquired the skill while living in "a queer hippie commune."

• Dave Bolinsky was back at TED, this time to share his educational visualization of the Dengue virus infecting a healthy cell. Definitely worth seeing.

More TED to come...

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Mash Feeds Syndicate Content to the Browser, Linking the Web to Your Site

Today MashLogic released Mash Feeds, a free service that pushes your links and content to every relevant page on the web.

Repeat traffic is critical to the success of any web site, so most publishers today like to offer an RSS feed -- a stream of content intended to keep the user engaged and coming back. This worked for a while among the early adopter crowd, but most people never use an RSS reader, and those who do often complain of RSS overload as they find themselves overwhelmed by content that seldom gets read.

Mash feeds are an alternate way to syndicate content, pushing it into the browser rather than an RSS reader. Subscribers to your mash feed will get your links with rich callouts embedded into every relevant page they visit. There's no longer any need for them to install, learn and regularly check their RSS readers. It's the simple, ultimate way to engage your audience.

When you install a mash feed on your site (we recommend you put it near the RSS icon, as shown on the right), MashLogic starts indexing the keywords in your RSS feed (it may currently take MashLogic 6 hours to build the complete index). Visitors to your site can now subscribe to your mash feed by clicking on the mash feed icon, which installs a mash in their Firefox or Flock browser. (IE is coming soon, and in the meantime IE users will not see the mash feed icon.) Even if your users never run an RSS reader, links to your site -- with your content in the callouts -- will follow them to semantically relevant pages on other sites. It's as if you had free rein to hyperlink the web as you want.

Of course, the user retains ultimate control of and visibility into the mash. MashLogic's mission is to empower people to Take Back the Web, so we always respect the user's choices -- whether that means embedding links to your site in the web or, at any point, de-activating the mash. And we never insert ads into the user's web experience.

By subscribing to mash feeds that you like, you no longer have to read every news feed "cover to cover" (Who Has Time For This?). MashLogic does it for you, and lets you know when that content is relevant to something else you're doing on the web (or, soon, in other applications as well). For example, I've subscribed to so many science and health news feeds that I can no longer keep up; but now I let MashLogic link me to the news (or auctions, or media, or job listings...) from sources I trust right when I'm most interested in those topics. For another example, see on the right how my blog's mash feed pushed topical, relevant content to the Forbes web site.

So if you like WhoHasTimeForThis? please subscribe to my mash feed, and try adding a mash feed to your own site (unless, of course, you hate free traffic...).

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You Know You're an Anti-Semite When...

Hey, Pope Benedict: When you've been criticized as unfair to the Jews by the Chancellor of Germany, it's time to consider that maybe you're an Anti-Semite.

Just to be helpful, here some other signs for my readers that you just may be an Anti-Semite:

-- When stopped for drunk driving by the LAPD, if you guess that the arresting officer must be a Jew, you might be an Anti-Semite.

-- If the address on your checkbook is "Unknown Cave, Pakistan" then just maybe you're an Anti-Semite.

-- If President Ahmindejad invites you to be keynote speaker at his next conference, then you should consider the possibility that you're an Anti-Semite.

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